The rest of the power system's resources have traditionally been adjusted around wind to support a reliable and efficient system. The research that led to this report challenges that concept.
The study, "Active Power Controls from Wind Power: Bridging the Gaps", finds that wind power can support the power system by adjusting its power output to enhance system reliability.
Additionally, the study finds that it often could be economically beneficial to provide active power control , and potentially damaging loads on turbines from providing this control is negligible. Active power control helps balance load with generation at various times, avoiding erroneous power flows, involuntary load shedding, machine damage, and the risk of potential blackouts.
"Utilities and independent system operators are all seeking strategies to better integrate wind and other variable generation into their electric systems," said NREL Analyst Erik Ela. "Few have considered using wind power to support power system reliability."
The study included a number of different power system simulations, control simulations, and field tests using turbines at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The study developed proposals for new ancillary services designs in US wholesale electricity markets, studied how wind power affects system frequency in the western US with and without active power control, and tested the use of active power control at the NWTC to better understand the performance and structural impacts on wind turbines when providing active power control to the electric system.
"Although many of the control strategies have been proven technically feasible and are used in many regions of the world, only a limited number of wind turbines in the United States are currently providing active power control," Ela said. "The reason is that the stakeholders – system operators, manufacturers, regulators and the plant owners – all have different goals and perspectives. This report covers many different aspects of the topic in order to address the diverse viewpoints throughout the wind industry."
Wind is one of the fastest growing sources of power generation – supplying up to 20 percent of electricity in many areas of the world. In some regions of the US, wind sometimes provides more than 50 percent of the electric power. The challenge with integrating high concentrations of wind power into electric systems is that it is a variable, uncertain resource, commonly considered "non-dispatchable."
The forms of active power control considered in this study are synthetic inertial control, primary frequency control (PFC), and automatic generation control (AGC) regulation. For wind power to provide active power control services, three things must happen:
The wind power response needs to improve power system reliability; not impair it
It must be economically viable for wind power plants as well as electricity consumers. Because power plants may incur additional capital costs for the controls and reduce the amount of energy it sells to the market, there must be an incentive to provide the service
Active power control should not have negative impacts on the turbine loading or induce structural damage that could reduce the life of the turbine.
The study was funded by the US Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. It analyzed timeframes ranging from milliseconds to the lifetime of wind turbines, spatial scopes ranging from turbine components to entire regions, and study types ranging from economics to power systems engineering, to control design.
"The study's key takeaway is that wind power can act in an equal or superior manner to conventional generation when providing active power control, supporting the system frequency response and improving reliability," Ela said.
Photo caption: Thomas C. Kiernan, Chief Executive Officer and Liz Salerno, Director, Industry Data & Analysis at the American Wind Energy Association stand atop the Siemens wind turbine at National Wind Technology Center. (Photo by Fort Felker / NREL)
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